Tuesday, December 8, 2009
Thursday, December 3, 2009
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
Arturo Fox, "Los hispanos en los Estados Unidos"
Situando la temática:
I.Historias y mapas
A. Mapas
MEXICO CITY (Reuters) - The distillers of Sweden's Absolut vodka have withdrawn an advertisement run in Mexico that angered many U.S. citizens by idealizing an early 19th century map showing chunks of the United States as Mexican.
The billboard ad has the slogan "In an Absolut World" slapped over a pre-1848 map showing California, Arizona and other U.S. states as Mexican territory. Those states were carved out of what had been Mexican lands until that year.
Although it was not shown in the United States, U.S. media outlets picked up on the ad, and after a barrage of complaints, Absolut's maker said on Sunday the ad campaign would cease.
Defending the campaign last week, Absolut maker Vin & Spirit said the ad was created "with a Mexican sensibility" and was not meant for the U.S. market.
"In no way was this meant to offend or disparage, nor does it advocate an altering of borders, nor does it lend support to any anti-American sentiment, nor does it reflect immigration issues," a spokeswoman wrote on Absolut's Web site.
"Instead, it hearkens to a time which the population of Mexico may feel was more ideal," she wrote.
Absolut's blog cite has received more than a thousand comments since the ad campaign was launched a few weeks ago, with many calling for boycotts of the Swedish company.
"I have poured the remainder of my Absolut bottles down the sink," one blogger wrote.
A war between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848 started with Mexico's refusal to recognize the U.S. annexation of Texas and ended with the occupation of Mexico City by U.S. troops.
At the end, Mexico ceded nearly half of its territory to the United States, forming the states of California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming.
Mexicans remain sensitive about the loss and the location of the border. At the same time, the United States is fortifying barriers to keep out undocumented Mexican migrants.
Some Mexicans use the term "Reconquista" (reconquest) to refer to the growing presence in California of Mexican migrants and their descendants.
France's Pernod Ricard is taking over Absolut vodka, one of the world's top-selling spirit brands, after buying Vin & Spirit from the Swedish government at the end of March.
(Reporting by Noel Randewich, editing by Philip Barbara)
B. El Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo
On January 4, 1848, almost four weeks before the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Senator John Calhoun (1782-1850) of South Carolina appeared on the Senate floor to state his disdain for the annexation of Mexican territories to the United States. Calhoun, though an expansionist, vehemently expressed his disdain for the Mexican people in a last ditch effort to prevent the signing of the treaty:
"We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporation of the Indian race; for more than half of all Mexicans are Indians, and other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the government of a white race. The greatest misfortunes of Spanish America are to be traced to the fatal error of placing these colored races on an equality with the white race. That error destroyed the social arrangement which formed the basis of society. . . .
Sir, it is a remarkable fact, that in the whole history of man, as far as my knowledge extends, there is no instance whatever of any civilized colored races being found equal to the establishment of free popular government, although by far the largest portion of the human family is composed of these races."
Quote from: The Congressional Globe, United States Congress, Senate, 30th Congress, first session, 1848, 98-99.
II. El Odio de Lou Dobbs
Lou Dobbs attributes pseudo-rise in leprosy (Hansen's Disease) to immigration. His "source," Madeline Cosman, can be seen below.
Lou Dobbs "source" on health source and immigration said, as quoted on Lou Dobbs' show:
This is Madeline Cosman, Dobbs' source. Yes, source, Did you get that?:
III. THE LATINO BODY POLITIC
José Antonio Gutierrez
Myth: Immigrants don’t pay taxes
Fact: Immigrants pay taxes, in the form of income, property, sales, and taxes at the federal and state level. As far as income tax payments go, sources vary in their accounts, but a range of studies find that immigrants pay between $90 and $140 billion a year in federal, state, and local taxes. Undocumented immigrants pay income taxes as well, as evidenced by the Social Security Administration’s “suspense file” (taxes that cannot be matched to workers’ names and social security numbers), which grew by $20 billion between 1990 and 1998. Source
Myth: Immigrants come here to take welfare
Fact: Immigrants come to work and reunite with family members. Immigrant labor force participation is consistently higher than native-born, and immigrant workers make up a larger share of the U.S. labor force (12.4%) than they do the U.S. population (11.5%). Moreover, the ratio between immigrant use of public benefits and the amount of taxes they pay is consistently favorable to the U.S. In one estimate, immigrants earn about $240 billion a year, pay about $90 billion a year in taxes, and use about $5 billion in public benefits. In another cut of the data, immigrant tax payments total $20 to $30 billion more than the amount of government services they use. Source: “Questioning Immigration Policy – Can We Afford to Open Our Arms?”, Friends Committee on National Legislation Document #G-606-DOM
Myth: Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries
Fact: In addition to the consumer spending of immigrant households, immigrants and their businesses contribute $162 billion in tax revenue to U.S. federal, state, and local governments. While it is true that immigrants remit billions of dollars a year to their home countries, this is one of the most targeted and effective forms of direct foreign investment. Source
Myth: Immigrants take jobs and opportunity away from Americans
Fact: The largest wave of immigration to the U.S. since the early 1900s coincided with our lowest national unemployment rate and fastest economic growth. Immigrant entrepreneurs create jobs for U.S. and foreign workers, and foreign-born students allow many U.S. graduate programs to keep their doors open. While there has been no comprehensive study done of immigrant-owned businesses, we have countless examples: in Silicon Valley, companies begun by Chinese and Indian immigrants generated more than $19.5 billion in sales and nearly 73,000 jobs in 2000. (Source: Richard Vedder, Lowell Gallaway, and Stephen Moore, Immigration and Unemployment: New Evidence, Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, Arlington, VA (Mar. 1994), p. 13.
Myth: Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy
Fact: During the 1990s, half of all new workers were foreign-born, filling gaps left by native-born workers in both the high- and low-skill ends of the spectrum. Immigrants fill jobs in key sectors, start their own businesses, and contribute to a thriving economy. The net benefit of immigration to the U.S. is nearly $10 billion annually. As Alan Greenspan points out, 70% of immigrants arrive in prime working age. That means we haven’t spent a penny on their education, yet they are transplanted into our workforce and will contribute $500 billion toward our social security system over the next 20 years. Source
Myth: Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans
Fact: Within ten years of arrival, more than 75% of immigrants speak English well; moreover, demand for English classes at the adult level far exceeds supply. Greater than 33% of immigrants are naturalized citizens; given increased immigration in the 1990s, this figure will rise as more legal permanent residents become eligible for naturalization in the coming years. The number of immigrants naturalizing spiked sharply after two events: enactment of immigration and welfare reform laws in 1996, and the terrorist attacks in 2001. Source
Myth: Today’s immigrants are different than those of 100 years ago
Fact: The percentage of the U.S. population that is foreign-born now stands at 11.5%; in the early 20th century it was approximately 15%. Similar to accusations about today’s immigrants, those of 100 years ago initially often settled in mono-ethnic neighborhoods, spoke their native languages, and built up newspapers and businesses that catered to their fellow émigrés. They also experienced the same types of discrimination that today’s immigrants face, and integrated within American culture at a similar rate. If we view history objectively, we remember that every new wave of immigrants has been met with suspicion and doubt and yet, ultimately, every past wave of immigrants has been vindicated and saluted. Source
Myth: Most immigrants cross the border illegally
Fact: Around 75% of today’s immigrants have legal permanent (immigrant) visas; of the 25% that are undocumented, 40% overstayed temporary (non-immigrant) visas. Source
Myth: Weak U.S. border enforcement has lead to high undocumented immigration
Fact: From 1986 to 1998, the Border Patrol’s budget increased six-fold and the number of agents stationed on our southwest border doubled to 8,500. The Border Patrol also toughened its enforcement strategy, heavily fortifying typical urban entry points and pushing migrants into dangerous desert areas, in hopes of deterring crossings. Instead, the undocumented immigrant population doubled in that timeframe, to 8 million—despite the legalization of nearly 3 million immigrants after the enactment of the Immigration Reform and Control Act in 1986. Insufficient legal avenues for immigrants to enter the U.S., compared with the number of jobs in need of workers, has significantly contributed to this current conundrum. Source
Myth: The war on terrorism can be won through immigration restrictions
Fact: No security expert since September 11th, 2001 has said that restrictive immigration measures would have prevented the terrorist attacks—instead, the key is effective use of good intelligence. Most of the 9/11 hijackers were here on legal visas. Since 9/11, the myriad of measures targeting immigrants in the name of national security have netted no terrorism prosecutions. In fact, several of these measures could have the opposite effect and actually make us less safe, as targeted communities of immigrants are afraid to come forward with information. Source:Associated Press/Dow Jones Newswires, US Senate Subcommittee Hears Immigration Testimony, Oct. 17, 2001.)
IV. STRATEGIES
Reading: Susan Bibler Coutin, "Being En Route."
Topics:
Thinking through "immigration," as a category of analysis, requires us to think less about the location of the subject and more about the location of knowledge about the Latino subject (always seemingly in question).
Take for instance popular renditions of the immigration problem: Heather Mac Donald, et al., The Immigration Solution
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: "Heather Mac Donald describes how an epidemic of crime, gangs, and illegitimacy is creating a new Hispanic underclass, and how the Mexican government aids and abets illegal immigration to the United States and thwarts state and local attempts to resist it. Steven Malanga shows how, despite much argument to the contrary, Hispanic immigrants produce a net cost to the American economy, not a net benefit, and he goes on to outline the kind of immigration policy that would be both liberal and in America's interest. Victor Davis Hanson writes about his own experience growing up in California's farm country and watching the Hispanic immigrant influx transform his state for the worse. The Immigration Solution proposes the same kind of policy in place in other advanced nations, one that admits skilled and educated people on the basis of what they can do for the country, not what the country can do for them."
What are the factual errors related to the book's description? What is elided in the description? How are "Hispanics" blended into the category of "Mexican"? How does the national signifier "Mexico" become associated with "illegality" itself?
Heather Mac Donald's other recent work can be found in "Is the Criminal-Justice System Racist?"
I.Historias y mapas
A. Mapas
MEXICO CITY (Reuters) - The distillers of Sweden's Absolut vodka have withdrawn an advertisement run in Mexico that angered many U.S. citizens by idealizing an early 19th century map showing chunks of the United States as Mexican.
The billboard ad has the slogan "In an Absolut World" slapped over a pre-1848 map showing California, Arizona and other U.S. states as Mexican territory. Those states were carved out of what had been Mexican lands until that year.
Although it was not shown in the United States, U.S. media outlets picked up on the ad, and after a barrage of complaints, Absolut's maker said on Sunday the ad campaign would cease.
Defending the campaign last week, Absolut maker Vin & Spirit said the ad was created "with a Mexican sensibility" and was not meant for the U.S. market.
"In no way was this meant to offend or disparage, nor does it advocate an altering of borders, nor does it lend support to any anti-American sentiment, nor does it reflect immigration issues," a spokeswoman wrote on Absolut's Web site.
"Instead, it hearkens to a time which the population of Mexico may feel was more ideal," she wrote.
Absolut's blog cite has received more than a thousand comments since the ad campaign was launched a few weeks ago, with many calling for boycotts of the Swedish company.
"I have poured the remainder of my Absolut bottles down the sink," one blogger wrote.
A war between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848 started with Mexico's refusal to recognize the U.S. annexation of Texas and ended with the occupation of Mexico City by U.S. troops.
At the end, Mexico ceded nearly half of its territory to the United States, forming the states of California, Nevada, Utah and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Wyoming.
Mexicans remain sensitive about the loss and the location of the border. At the same time, the United States is fortifying barriers to keep out undocumented Mexican migrants.
Some Mexicans use the term "Reconquista" (reconquest) to refer to the growing presence in California of Mexican migrants and their descendants.
France's Pernod Ricard is taking over Absolut vodka, one of the world's top-selling spirit brands, after buying Vin & Spirit from the Swedish government at the end of March.
(Reporting by Noel Randewich, editing by Philip Barbara)
B. El Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo
On January 4, 1848, almost four weeks before the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Senator John Calhoun (1782-1850) of South Carolina appeared on the Senate floor to state his disdain for the annexation of Mexican territories to the United States. Calhoun, though an expansionist, vehemently expressed his disdain for the Mexican people in a last ditch effort to prevent the signing of the treaty:
"We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporation of the Indian race; for more than half of all Mexicans are Indians, and other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the government of a white race. The greatest misfortunes of Spanish America are to be traced to the fatal error of placing these colored races on an equality with the white race. That error destroyed the social arrangement which formed the basis of society. . . .
Sir, it is a remarkable fact, that in the whole history of man, as far as my knowledge extends, there is no instance whatever of any civilized colored races being found equal to the establishment of free popular government, although by far the largest portion of the human family is composed of these races."
Quote from: The Congressional Globe, United States Congress, Senate, 30th Congress, first session, 1848, 98-99.
II. El Odio de Lou Dobbs
Lou Dobbs attributes pseudo-rise in leprosy (Hansen's Disease) to immigration. His "source," Madeline Cosman, can be seen below.
Lou Dobbs "source" on health source and immigration said, as quoted on Lou Dobbs' show:
This is Madeline Cosman, Dobbs' source. Yes, source, Did you get that?:
III. THE LATINO BODY POLITIC
José Antonio Gutierrez
Myth: Immigrants don’t pay taxes
Fact: Immigrants pay taxes, in the form of income, property, sales, and taxes at the federal and state level. As far as income tax payments go, sources vary in their accounts, but a range of studies find that immigrants pay between $90 and $140 billion a year in federal, state, and local taxes. Undocumented immigrants pay income taxes as well, as evidenced by the Social Security Administration’s “suspense file” (taxes that cannot be matched to workers’ names and social security numbers), which grew by $20 billion between 1990 and 1998. Source
Myth: Immigrants come here to take welfare
Fact: Immigrants come to work and reunite with family members. Immigrant labor force participation is consistently higher than native-born, and immigrant workers make up a larger share of the U.S. labor force (12.4%) than they do the U.S. population (11.5%). Moreover, the ratio between immigrant use of public benefits and the amount of taxes they pay is consistently favorable to the U.S. In one estimate, immigrants earn about $240 billion a year, pay about $90 billion a year in taxes, and use about $5 billion in public benefits. In another cut of the data, immigrant tax payments total $20 to $30 billion more than the amount of government services they use. Source: “Questioning Immigration Policy – Can We Afford to Open Our Arms?”, Friends Committee on National Legislation Document #G-606-DOM
Myth: Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries
Fact: In addition to the consumer spending of immigrant households, immigrants and their businesses contribute $162 billion in tax revenue to U.S. federal, state, and local governments. While it is true that immigrants remit billions of dollars a year to their home countries, this is one of the most targeted and effective forms of direct foreign investment. Source
Myth: Immigrants take jobs and opportunity away from Americans
Fact: The largest wave of immigration to the U.S. since the early 1900s coincided with our lowest national unemployment rate and fastest economic growth. Immigrant entrepreneurs create jobs for U.S. and foreign workers, and foreign-born students allow many U.S. graduate programs to keep their doors open. While there has been no comprehensive study done of immigrant-owned businesses, we have countless examples: in Silicon Valley, companies begun by Chinese and Indian immigrants generated more than $19.5 billion in sales and nearly 73,000 jobs in 2000. (Source: Richard Vedder, Lowell Gallaway, and Stephen Moore, Immigration and Unemployment: New Evidence, Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, Arlington, VA (Mar. 1994), p. 13.
Myth: Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy
Fact: During the 1990s, half of all new workers were foreign-born, filling gaps left by native-born workers in both the high- and low-skill ends of the spectrum. Immigrants fill jobs in key sectors, start their own businesses, and contribute to a thriving economy. The net benefit of immigration to the U.S. is nearly $10 billion annually. As Alan Greenspan points out, 70% of immigrants arrive in prime working age. That means we haven’t spent a penny on their education, yet they are transplanted into our workforce and will contribute $500 billion toward our social security system over the next 20 years. Source
Myth: Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans
Fact: Within ten years of arrival, more than 75% of immigrants speak English well; moreover, demand for English classes at the adult level far exceeds supply. Greater than 33% of immigrants are naturalized citizens; given increased immigration in the 1990s, this figure will rise as more legal permanent residents become eligible for naturalization in the coming years. The number of immigrants naturalizing spiked sharply after two events: enactment of immigration and welfare reform laws in 1996, and the terrorist attacks in 2001. Source
Myth: Today’s immigrants are different than those of 100 years ago
Fact: The percentage of the U.S. population that is foreign-born now stands at 11.5%; in the early 20th century it was approximately 15%. Similar to accusations about today’s immigrants, those of 100 years ago initially often settled in mono-ethnic neighborhoods, spoke their native languages, and built up newspapers and businesses that catered to their fellow émigrés. They also experienced the same types of discrimination that today’s immigrants face, and integrated within American culture at a similar rate. If we view history objectively, we remember that every new wave of immigrants has been met with suspicion and doubt and yet, ultimately, every past wave of immigrants has been vindicated and saluted. Source
Myth: Most immigrants cross the border illegally
Fact: Around 75% of today’s immigrants have legal permanent (immigrant) visas; of the 25% that are undocumented, 40% overstayed temporary (non-immigrant) visas. Source
Myth: Weak U.S. border enforcement has lead to high undocumented immigration
Fact: From 1986 to 1998, the Border Patrol’s budget increased six-fold and the number of agents stationed on our southwest border doubled to 8,500. The Border Patrol also toughened its enforcement strategy, heavily fortifying typical urban entry points and pushing migrants into dangerous desert areas, in hopes of deterring crossings. Instead, the undocumented immigrant population doubled in that timeframe, to 8 million—despite the legalization of nearly 3 million immigrants after the enactment of the Immigration Reform and Control Act in 1986. Insufficient legal avenues for immigrants to enter the U.S., compared with the number of jobs in need of workers, has significantly contributed to this current conundrum. Source
Myth: The war on terrorism can be won through immigration restrictions
Fact: No security expert since September 11th, 2001 has said that restrictive immigration measures would have prevented the terrorist attacks—instead, the key is effective use of good intelligence. Most of the 9/11 hijackers were here on legal visas. Since 9/11, the myriad of measures targeting immigrants in the name of national security have netted no terrorism prosecutions. In fact, several of these measures could have the opposite effect and actually make us less safe, as targeted communities of immigrants are afraid to come forward with information. Source:Associated Press/Dow Jones Newswires, US Senate Subcommittee Hears Immigration Testimony, Oct. 17, 2001.)
IV. STRATEGIES
Reading: Susan Bibler Coutin, "Being En Route."
Topics:
Thinking through "immigration," as a category of analysis, requires us to think less about the location of the subject and more about the location of knowledge about the Latino subject (always seemingly in question).
Take for instance popular renditions of the immigration problem: Heather Mac Donald, et al., The Immigration Solution
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: "Heather Mac Donald describes how an epidemic of crime, gangs, and illegitimacy is creating a new Hispanic underclass, and how the Mexican government aids and abets illegal immigration to the United States and thwarts state and local attempts to resist it. Steven Malanga shows how, despite much argument to the contrary, Hispanic immigrants produce a net cost to the American economy, not a net benefit, and he goes on to outline the kind of immigration policy that would be both liberal and in America's interest. Victor Davis Hanson writes about his own experience growing up in California's farm country and watching the Hispanic immigrant influx transform his state for the worse. The Immigration Solution proposes the same kind of policy in place in other advanced nations, one that admits skilled and educated people on the basis of what they can do for the country, not what the country can do for them."
What are the factual errors related to the book's description? What is elided in the description? How are "Hispanics" blended into the category of "Mexican"? How does the national signifier "Mexico" become associated with "illegality" itself?
Heather Mac Donald's other recent work can be found in "Is the Criminal-Justice System Racist?"
Monday, November 23, 2009
Presentación de Miranda y Rebecca
Argentina y "La guerra sucia" c. 1976-1983
Miranda y Rebecca me han pedido que les haga disponible este video antes de su presentación:
Miranda y Rebecca me han pedido que les haga disponible este video antes de su presentación:
Thursday, November 19, 2009
Tuesday, November 10, 2009
Puerto Rico
1898
Foraker Act (Organic Act) of 1900
Jones Act 1917: El presidente Woodrow Wilson firma la "Jones-Shafroth Act" que le otorga ciudadanía a los puertorriqueños. La ciudadanía no es protegida por la Constitución de los Estados Unidos.
1952 El gobernador Luis Muñoz Marín afirma la creación de P.R. como un "Estado Libre Asociado" (ELA) de los Estados Unidos
Pronto se establecen las "industrias culturales" come el festival Pablo Casals, el Conservatorio de Música de P.R. y el Instituto de Cultura.
Foraker Act (Organic Act) of 1900
Jones Act 1917: El presidente Woodrow Wilson firma la "Jones-Shafroth Act" que le otorga ciudadanía a los puertorriqueños. La ciudadanía no es protegida por la Constitución de los Estados Unidos.
1952 El gobernador Luis Muñoz Marín afirma la creación de P.R. como un "Estado Libre Asociado" (ELA) de los Estados Unidos
Pronto se establecen las "industrias culturales" come el festival Pablo Casals, el Conservatorio de Música de P.R. y el Instituto de Cultura.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Ugarte, Capítulo 12. Enfoque: Federico García Lorca
Federico García Lorca (1898-1936)
Para analizar: Romance Sonambulo
Verde que te quiero verde.
Verde viento. Verdes ramas.
El barco sobre la mar
y el caballo en la montaña.
Con la sombra en la cintura
ella sueña en su baranda,
verde carne, pelo verde,
con ojos de fría plata.
Verde que te quiero verde.
Bajo la luna gitana,
las cosas la están mirando
y ella no puede mirarlas.
Verde que te quiero verde.
[...]
Versión del grupo Manzanita
"La ley de la memoria histórica" del gobierno de José Luis Rodriquez Zapatero (2007) y Lorca "Spain begins excavation of Lorca's Civil War grave"
BBC, "Dig for Spain poet's body starts"
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Thursday, October 22, 2009
Las Vanguardias: El surrealismo de Dalí
Eugenio Salvador Dalí fue sin lugar a dudas, un genio. A la edad de 14 había ya expuesto sus trabajos a los críticos, fue con frecuencia (y todavía algunas veces lo es) mal entendido. A los 22 se encontró con Picasso. También fue expulsado de la escuela del arte. Algunos años mas tarde comenzó a ser parte del grupo surrealista de París y allí, comienza su relación con Gala, la cual se prolongaría hasta 1982 cuando ella muere. Como pintor, Dalí no tuvo un único estilo o técnica; lo mejor de su producción se desarrolló dentro del surrealismo y sus cuadros, de un gran detalle y composiciones extravagantes y geniales, reflejan un mundo onírico particular. En 1929 se sumergió en el surrealismo tras su colaboración con Luis Buñuel en Un perro andaluz (Un chien andalou). Contribuyó a revitalizar este movimiento con sus novedosas invenciones, basadas en ideas freudianas.
A la edad de 79 Dalí pintó su último trabajo y en 1989 muere a la edad de 85 años.
Cortos de Dalí
A la edad de 79 Dalí pintó su último trabajo y en 1989 muere a la edad de 85 años.
Cortos de Dalí
Movimiento muralista mexicano
Arriba: Detalle de un mural de José Clemente Orozco en la Biblioteca Baker, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
Abajo: UNAM
Fernando Botero (n. 1934, Columbia)
Colombian painter Fernando Botero gestures front of his new paintings depicting the horrors of U.S. guards' abuse of captives at Iraq's Abu Ghraib prison, Monday April 11, 2005 in Paris, France. Botero says he became so upset that he felt compelled to produce works showing his trademark chubby characters naked and being blooded by Americans. (AP Photo/Francois Mori)
Oswaldo Guayasamín (6 de julio de 1919 – 10 de marzo de 1999, Quito, Ecuador)
Oswaldo Guayasamín
El Grito (1983)
Los Desesperados (1966)
El Grito (1983)
Los Desesperados (1966)
Tuesday, October 6, 2009
Siglo XIX: Independencia en las Américas y sus consecuencias
I. Instigaciones:
Napoleón Bonaparte invade a España en 1808
José Bonaparte se instaura como monarca
Abdicación de Carlos IV
II. Independencia: El caso de México
El padre Hidalgo 1810
Período de contiendas, 1810-1821
Tratado de Córdoba, 27 de septiembre 1821
1822 Agustín de Itúrbide y el "Primer imperio mexicano"
Napoleón Bonaparte invade a España en 1808
José Bonaparte se instaura como monarca
Abdicación de Carlos IV
II. Independencia: El caso de México
El padre Hidalgo 1810
Período de contiendas, 1810-1821
Tratado de Córdoba, 27 de septiembre 1821
1822 Agustín de Itúrbide y el "Primer imperio mexicano"
Thursday, October 1, 2009
Considerando el "mestizaje"
I.Considerando el mestizaje
II.Pinturas de casta
La literalización del conflicto racial.
"De español e india, produce mestizo" (Of a Spanish man and an Amerindian woman, a Mestizo is produced).
"De negro y española, sale mulato" (Of a Negro man and a Spanish woman, a Mulatto is obtained).
"De mestizo e india, sale coiote" (From Mestizo man and Amerindian woman, begotten a Coyote).
"De negro e india, sale lobo" (Of a black and an Amerindian, produces a Lobo).
"De lobo torno atráse e india sale tente en el ayre (Of Lobo ["turn-backwards"] and Amerindian, produces a "being in the air")
"De Chino e Yndia: Cambujo" (Of Chinese and Amerindian, "raven or blackbird")
De español y mulata, morisca. Miguel Cabrera (c. 1763)
Lucas Alamán, Diccionario universal de historia y de Geografía: Apéndice. (México 1855)
* De español e indígena - mestizo
* De indio con negra - zambo
* De negro con zamba - zambo prieto
* De español con negra - mulato
* De mulata con español - morisco
* De español con morisca - albino
* De español con mestizo - castizo
* De albino con blanco - saltapatrás (Uno de los miembro tenia que tener como abuelo o bisabuelo negro)
* De indio con mestizo - coyote (Tambien se denomina cholo)
* De mulato con india - chino
* De español con coyote - harnizo
* De coyote con indio - chamizo
* De chino con india - cambujo
III. España y su política
II.Pinturas de casta
La literalización del conflicto racial.
"De español e india, produce mestizo" (Of a Spanish man and an Amerindian woman, a Mestizo is produced).
"De negro y española, sale mulato" (Of a Negro man and a Spanish woman, a Mulatto is obtained).
"De mestizo e india, sale coiote" (From Mestizo man and Amerindian woman, begotten a Coyote).
"De negro e india, sale lobo" (Of a black and an Amerindian, produces a Lobo).
"De lobo torno atráse e india sale tente en el ayre (Of Lobo ["turn-backwards"] and Amerindian, produces a "being in the air")
"De Chino e Yndia: Cambujo" (Of Chinese and Amerindian, "raven or blackbird")
De español y mulata, morisca. Miguel Cabrera (c. 1763)
Lucas Alamán, Diccionario universal de historia y de Geografía: Apéndice. (México 1855)
* De español e indígena - mestizo
* De indio con negra - zambo
* De negro con zamba - zambo prieto
* De español con negra - mulato
* De mulata con español - morisco
* De español con morisca - albino
* De español con mestizo - castizo
* De albino con blanco - saltapatrás (Uno de los miembro tenia que tener como abuelo o bisabuelo negro)
* De indio con mestizo - coyote (Tambien se denomina cholo)
* De mulato con india - chino
* De español con coyote - harnizo
* De coyote con indio - chamizo
* De chino con india - cambujo
III. España y su política
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Santa Teresa y la tradición mística
Gianlorenzo Bernini,
"Extasis de Santa Teresa" (c. 1647 y 1651)
La mística española
Señale las siguientes "vías místicas" en “La noche oscura del alma” de San Juan de la Cruz
la vía purgativa
la vía iluminativa
la vía unitiva
San Juan de la Cruz (1542-1591)
“La noche oscura del alma”
En una noche oscura,
con ansias en amores inflamada,
(¡oh dichosa ventura!)
salí sin ser notada,
estando ya mi casa sosegada. 5
A oscuras y segura,
por la secreta escala disfrazada,
(¡oh dichosa ventura!)
a oscuras y en celada,
estando ya mi casa sosegada. 10
En la noche dichosa,
en secreto, que nadie me veía,
ni yo miraba cosa,
sin otra luz ni guía
sino la que en el corazón ardía. 15
Aquésta me guïaba
más cierta que la luz del mediodía,
adonde me esperaba
quien yo bien me sabía,
en parte donde nadie parecía. 20
¡Oh noche que me guiaste!,
¡oh noche amable más que el alborada!,
¡oh noche que juntaste
amado con amada,
amada en el amado transformada! 25
En mi pecho florido,
que entero para él solo se guardaba,
allí quedó dormido,
y yo le regalaba,
y el ventalle de cedros aire daba. 30
El aire de la almena,
cuando yo sus cabellos esparcía,
con su mano serena
en mi cuello hería,
y todos mis sentidos suspendía. 35
Quedéme y olvidéme,
el rostro recliné sobre el amado,
cesó todo, y dejéme,
dejando mi cuidado
entre las azucenas olvidado. 40
De: Floresta de rimas antiguas castellanas, por Juan Nicholas Böhl de Faber. Hamburgo: Perthes y Besser, 1821.
Fecha: C. 1577
Vocabulario:
sosegada - tranquil, at peace
a oscuras - in the dark
escala - stairs, ladder
disfrazada - disguized
alborada - dawn
regalaba - caressed
ventalle de cedros - cedar(-branch) fan
esparcía - spread out
hería - touched (lit. wounded)
almena - ramparts, battlements
dejéme - I let myself go
cuidado - cares, concerns
azucenas - (white) lilies
Las artes plásticas: Diego Velázquez
Friday, September 25, 2009
Luce López-Baralt presenta resultados de investigación en España
La hispanista Luce López BaraltUna hispanista puertorriqueña Luce López-Baralt se metió en el túnel de la historia y ha hecho resonar después de cuatro siglos las voces de los moriscos que vivían en España poco antes de su expulsión, en 1609, y sus escritos posteriores, ya en el exilio.
La catedrática de español en la Universidad de Puerto Rico y vicedirectora de la Academia puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española, desempolvó los códices “secretos” de estos moriscos que en su tarea literaria clandestina utilizaron el ‘aljamiado’, grafía árabe para escribir en español.
El resultado fue una escritura “híbrida y mestiza”, transliterada por “autores rebeldes y combativos” que hicieron su tarea de manera que fuese indescifrable por un español que no conociera la lengua árabe o por un árabe que no hablase la lengua castellana.
Después de casi tres décadas de trabajo, las investigaciones de López-Baralt -animada por los estudios pioneros del español Miguel Asín- han tomado cuerpo en el libro “La literatura secreta de los últimos musulmanes de España”, editado por el sello español Trotta y con el que se recupera “parte de un mundo sumergido, perdido, silenciado”, según las palabras de la hispanista.
En una entrevista con Efe en Madrid, donde esta semana presentó el libro, López-Baralt expresó su satisfacción por “devolverle la voz” a estos moriscos cuatro siglos después de la destrucción de su comunidad.
En abril de 1609, cuando los moriscos que habitaban los reinos de España llevaban ya varios años obligados a profesar el catolicismo y habían sido reprimidos por la Inquisición, el rey Felipe III ordenó su expulsión del territorio.
En la crónica de esos tiempos parte de los protagonistas son esos moriscos a medio asimilar entre las dos culturas, la musulmana y la católica, que la España de entonces declaraba irreconciliables.
De sus códices manuscritos emergen prácticas rituales, magia, astrología, medicina, profecías, interpretación de sueños, remedios caseros para males menores y hasta “los itinerarios secretos que los podían guiar a huir de España y aún para volver sigilosamente”.
Algunos ejemplos: En un códice de origen aragonés está el oráculo de Alí Ibnu Yabir Alfarasiyo en el que un desconocido le “revela” a un santón de Damasco “los escándalos que acaecerán en la España musulmana del futuro, que son, como es de esperar, el olvido de los ritos de su religión y su conducta licenciosa colectiva”.
También hay recetas de ungüentos para curar llagas, instrucciones para “curar las heridas de espada o de puñal o bien causadas por accidente”, para “tornar el rostro fresco y colorado” o recetas “para promover la fertilidad”.
En los textos astrológicos, el erudito al-Biruni dice que “los nativos de géminis, sagitario y capricornio habrán de tener la barba hermosa y larga, mientras que el signo de cáncer hará a sus hijos buenos marineros y el signo virgo buenos visires y eunucos”.
Y como apunta Luce López-Baralt, los textos ‘aljamiados’ se ocupan además de las tribulaciones de los moriscos a causa de la situación en que quedó su comunidad al verse obligada al exilio forzoso y perseguida por los inquisidores.
Un autor que firmó con el seudónimo de Mancebo de Arévalo dejó escrito que, en Granada, una mujer le contó cómo había visto en el zoco envolver carnes con hojas arrancadas de los códices musulmanes de la época nazarí.
A un morisco adulto lo encarcelan por llevar una medalla con inscripciones árabes. Los códigos inquisitoriales consideran que eso es una invocación al demonio, cuando en realidad, dice López-Baralt, “era una bendición talismánica islámica que le había dado su madre de niño y en la que se despedía de él para siempre, pues él niño se quedaba en España mientras ella era expulsada.
Por este y otros motivos el Mancebo de Arévalo transcribe “recetas mágicas contra el llanto”, porque los moriscos no estaban “en tiempos de gozo para decir donaires y cosas desaguisadas”.
Thursday, September 24, 2009
La brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias
Bartolomé de Las Casas (1484 – 1566), La brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias (1542)
TEMAS, PERSONAJES Y LA CULTURA VISUAL
¿Qué "veían" los europeos cuando imaginaban a los indígenas del "Nuevo Mundo"?
La encomienda- La Encomienda fue una institución característica de la colonización española en América y se entendía como el derecho que daba el Rey a un súbdito español, llamado encomendero, en compensación de los servicios que había prestado a la Corona, para recibir los tributos o impuestos por los trabajos que los indios debían cancelar a la Corona. A cambio el español debía cuidar de ellos tanto en lo espiritual como en lo terrenal, preocupándose de educarlos en la fe cristiana. El tributo se pagaba en especie -con el producto de sus tierras-, o en servicios personales o trabajo en los predios o minas de los encomenderos
Ginés de Sepúlveda (1494 - 1573) "La querella de Valladolid" con Las Casas tuvo lugar en 1550
Sublimus Deus
"La leyenda negra"
La versión de La brevísima de Teodoro de Bry (1560-1634) y "La leyenda negra":
The Mission, dir., Roland Joffé (1986)
"Los Jesuitas" en la película The Mission (1986)
Robert De Niro, Rodrigo Mendoza
Jeremy Irons, Father Gabriel
Ray McAnally, Altamirano
Aidan Quinn, Felipe Mendoza
Cherie Lunghi, Carlotta
Ronald Pickup, Hontar
Chuck Low, Cabeza
Liam Neeson, Fielding
Los Jesuitas (Sociedad de Jesús): El Papa Clemente XIV desbanda a los Jesuitas en 21 julio de 1773. Se reintegran oficialmente en la iglesia en 1814 por decreto del Papa Pio VII
TEMAS, PERSONAJES Y LA CULTURA VISUAL
¿Qué "veían" los europeos cuando imaginaban a los indígenas del "Nuevo Mundo"?
La encomienda- La Encomienda fue una institución característica de la colonización española en América y se entendía como el derecho que daba el Rey a un súbdito español, llamado encomendero, en compensación de los servicios que había prestado a la Corona, para recibir los tributos o impuestos por los trabajos que los indios debían cancelar a la Corona. A cambio el español debía cuidar de ellos tanto en lo espiritual como en lo terrenal, preocupándose de educarlos en la fe cristiana. El tributo se pagaba en especie -con el producto de sus tierras-, o en servicios personales o trabajo en los predios o minas de los encomenderos
Ginés de Sepúlveda (1494 - 1573) "La querella de Valladolid" con Las Casas tuvo lugar en 1550
Sublimus Deus
"La leyenda negra"
La versión de La brevísima de Teodoro de Bry (1560-1634) y "La leyenda negra":
The Mission, dir., Roland Joffé (1986)
"Los Jesuitas" en la película The Mission (1986)
Robert De Niro, Rodrigo Mendoza
Jeremy Irons, Father Gabriel
Ray McAnally, Altamirano
Aidan Quinn, Felipe Mendoza
Cherie Lunghi, Carlotta
Ronald Pickup, Hontar
Chuck Low, Cabeza
Liam Neeson, Fielding
Los Jesuitas (Sociedad de Jesús): El Papa Clemente XIV desbanda a los Jesuitas en 21 julio de 1773. Se reintegran oficialmente en la iglesia en 1814 por decreto del Papa Pio VII
Tuesday, September 22, 2009
Vespucio
Américo Vespucio (11 de marzo, 1454 – 22 de febrero, 1512)
Leeremos una carta de Vespucio dirigida a Piero Sodernini supestamente escrita en 1504 (ver # 46 abajo)
Cartas de Vespucio
Thursday, September 17, 2009
Encuentros, cartografías, y la ley colonial
Martin Waldseemüller
1507 "América" aparece por primera vez en la cartografía occidental. Varios historiadores resaltan que Waldseemuller confundió Colón con Américo Vespucio. Así nació el mal llamado "Nuevo Mundo".
Martin Waldseemüller, 1507
El requerimiento
Requerimiento (1510) (Document written by jurist Palacios Rubios, of the Council of Castile):
I, (name of the Spanish official), servant of the most high and powerful kings of Castile and Leon, the conquerors of barbarous nations, their messenger and captain, notify to you, and declare in as ample form as I am capable, that God our Lord, who is one and eternal, created the heaven and the earth, and one man and one woman, of whom you and we, and all men who have been or shall be in the world are descended.
But as it has come to pass through the generations during more than five thousand years, that they have been dispersed into different parts of the world, and are divided into various kingdoms and provinces, because one country was not able to contain them, nor could they have found in one the means of subsistence and preservation: therefore God our Lord gave the charge of all those people to one man named St. Peter, whom he constituted the lord and head of all the human race, that all men, in whatever place they are born, or in whatever faith or place they are educated, might yield obedience unto him.
He hath subjected the whole world to his jurisdiction, and commanded him to establish his residence in Rome, as the most proper place for the government of the world. He likewise promised and gave him power to establish his authority in every other part of the world, and to judge and govern all Christians, Moors, Jews, Gentiles, and all other people of whatever sect or faith they may be. To him is given the name Pope, which signifies admirable, great father and guardian, because he is the father and governor of all men. Those who lived in the time of this holy father obeyed and acknowledged him as their Lord and King, and the superior of the universe. The same has been observed with respect to them who, since his time, have been chosen to the pontificate. Thus it now continues, and will continue to the end of the world.
One of those Pontiffs, as lord of the world, hath made a grant of these islands, and of the Tierra Firme of the ocean sea, to the Catholic Kings of Castile, Don Ferdinand and Donna Isabella, of glorious memory, and their successors, our sovereigns, with all they contain, as is more fully expressed in certain deeds passed upon that occasion, which you may see if you desire it. Thus His Majesty is King and lord of these islands, and of the continent, in virtue of this donation; and, King and lord aforesaid, most of the islands to which this title hath been notified, have recognized His Majesty, and now yield obedience and subjection to him as their lord, voluntarily and without resistance; and instantly, as soon as they received information, they obeyed the religious men sent by the King to preach to them, and to instruct them in our holy faith; and all these, of their own free will, without any recompense or gratuity, became Christians, and continue to be so; and His Majesty having received them graciously under his protection, has commanded that they should be treated in the same manner as his other subjects and vassals. You are bound and obliged to act in the same manner.
Therefore I now entreat and require you to consider attentively what I have declared to you; and that you may more perfectly comprehend it, that you take such time as is reasonable in order that you may acknowledge the Church as the superior and guide of the universe, and likewise the holy father called the Pope, in his own right, and His Majesty, by his appointment, as King and sovereign lord of these Islands, and of the Tierra Firme; and that you consent that the aforesaid holy fathers shall declare and preach to you the doctrines above mentioned.
If you do this, you act well, and perform that to which you are bound and obligated; and His Majesty, and I in his name, will receive you with love and kindness, and relieve you, your wives and children, free and exempt from servitude, and in the enjoyment of all you possess, in the same manner as the inhabitants of the islands. Besides this, His Majesty will bestow upon you many privileges, exemptions, and rewards.
But if you will not comply, or maliciously delay to obey my injunction, then, with the help of God, I will enter your country by force, I will carry on war against you with the utmost violence, I will subject you to the yoke of obedience to the church and king, I will take your wives and children, and will make them slaves, and sell or dispose of them according to His Majesty's pleasure; I will seize your goods, and do you all the mischief in my power, as rebellious subjects who will not acknowledge or submit to their lawful sovereign. And I protest that all the bloodshed and calamities which shall follow are to be imputed to you, and not to His Majesty, or to me, or the gentlemen who shall serve under me; and as I have now made this declaration and requisition unto you, I require the notary here present to grant me a certificate of this, subscribed in proper form.
Versión alegórica de América.
1507 "América" aparece por primera vez en la cartografía occidental. Varios historiadores resaltan que Waldseemuller confundió Colón con Américo Vespucio. Así nació el mal llamado "Nuevo Mundo".
Martin Waldseemüller, 1507
El requerimiento
Requerimiento (1510) (Document written by jurist Palacios Rubios, of the Council of Castile):
I, (name of the Spanish official), servant of the most high and powerful kings of Castile and Leon, the conquerors of barbarous nations, their messenger and captain, notify to you, and declare in as ample form as I am capable, that God our Lord, who is one and eternal, created the heaven and the earth, and one man and one woman, of whom you and we, and all men who have been or shall be in the world are descended.
But as it has come to pass through the generations during more than five thousand years, that they have been dispersed into different parts of the world, and are divided into various kingdoms and provinces, because one country was not able to contain them, nor could they have found in one the means of subsistence and preservation: therefore God our Lord gave the charge of all those people to one man named St. Peter, whom he constituted the lord and head of all the human race, that all men, in whatever place they are born, or in whatever faith or place they are educated, might yield obedience unto him.
He hath subjected the whole world to his jurisdiction, and commanded him to establish his residence in Rome, as the most proper place for the government of the world. He likewise promised and gave him power to establish his authority in every other part of the world, and to judge and govern all Christians, Moors, Jews, Gentiles, and all other people of whatever sect or faith they may be. To him is given the name Pope, which signifies admirable, great father and guardian, because he is the father and governor of all men. Those who lived in the time of this holy father obeyed and acknowledged him as their Lord and King, and the superior of the universe. The same has been observed with respect to them who, since his time, have been chosen to the pontificate. Thus it now continues, and will continue to the end of the world.
One of those Pontiffs, as lord of the world, hath made a grant of these islands, and of the Tierra Firme of the ocean sea, to the Catholic Kings of Castile, Don Ferdinand and Donna Isabella, of glorious memory, and their successors, our sovereigns, with all they contain, as is more fully expressed in certain deeds passed upon that occasion, which you may see if you desire it. Thus His Majesty is King and lord of these islands, and of the continent, in virtue of this donation; and, King and lord aforesaid, most of the islands to which this title hath been notified, have recognized His Majesty, and now yield obedience and subjection to him as their lord, voluntarily and without resistance; and instantly, as soon as they received information, they obeyed the religious men sent by the King to preach to them, and to instruct them in our holy faith; and all these, of their own free will, without any recompense or gratuity, became Christians, and continue to be so; and His Majesty having received them graciously under his protection, has commanded that they should be treated in the same manner as his other subjects and vassals. You are bound and obliged to act in the same manner.
Therefore I now entreat and require you to consider attentively what I have declared to you; and that you may more perfectly comprehend it, that you take such time as is reasonable in order that you may acknowledge the Church as the superior and guide of the universe, and likewise the holy father called the Pope, in his own right, and His Majesty, by his appointment, as King and sovereign lord of these Islands, and of the Tierra Firme; and that you consent that the aforesaid holy fathers shall declare and preach to you the doctrines above mentioned.
If you do this, you act well, and perform that to which you are bound and obligated; and His Majesty, and I in his name, will receive you with love and kindness, and relieve you, your wives and children, free and exempt from servitude, and in the enjoyment of all you possess, in the same manner as the inhabitants of the islands. Besides this, His Majesty will bestow upon you many privileges, exemptions, and rewards.
But if you will not comply, or maliciously delay to obey my injunction, then, with the help of God, I will enter your country by force, I will carry on war against you with the utmost violence, I will subject you to the yoke of obedience to the church and king, I will take your wives and children, and will make them slaves, and sell or dispose of them according to His Majesty's pleasure; I will seize your goods, and do you all the mischief in my power, as rebellious subjects who will not acknowledge or submit to their lawful sovereign. And I protest that all the bloodshed and calamities which shall follow are to be imputed to you, and not to His Majesty, or to me, or the gentlemen who shall serve under me; and as I have now made this declaration and requisition unto you, I require the notary here present to grant me a certificate of this, subscribed in proper form.
Versión alegórica de América.
Monday, September 7, 2009
Tuesday, September 1, 2009
Vistas de épocas históricas
Parte I: Teoría de períodos culturales:
Período Precolombino
Período Medieval/Medio Evo
Período Renacentista/Renacimiento
Período Barroco
Período de la Ilustración/"Siglo de las luces"
Período Romántico/Romanticismo
Período de la Modernidad
Período Posmoderno/Posmodernidad
Parte II: Vistas
Enlace: Vistas
Período Precolombino
Período Medieval/Medio Evo
Período Renacentista/Renacimiento
Período Barroco
Período de la Ilustración/"Siglo de las luces"
Período Romántico/Romanticismo
Período de la Modernidad
Período Posmoderno/Posmodernidad
Parte II: Vistas
Enlace: Vistas
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